The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. 214 High Street, She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. The invasion failed, however. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Henry himself gave people cause . Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. LS23 6AD On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. One was debt. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. . Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Company Reg no: 04489574. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Dedicated to. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The conspirators including Babington were all. Why was France a threat? Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Europe. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. 214 High Street, The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. It had to deal with Irish . Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. Overview of Elizabeth I / Boston Spa, The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). Born: 7 September 1533. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Boston House, Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge].
One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. By instinct, Elizabeth was a This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. - Leith blockade. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. 1. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Topic guides /
West Yorkshire, There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. West Yorkshire, An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. he could also overthrow her. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. First English colony in Virginia established. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. West Yorkshire, The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. 14-16 /
Boston House, More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. - rebelling of scottish lords. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Register for free, Home /
When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Why religious compromise was so difficult. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Mary was spared. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Write a paragraph or two. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. 2. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth.
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