sulla primary sources

He was, however, defeated. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. . Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. 719-549-2333. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. With the capture and execution of Carbo, who had fled Sicily for Egypt, both consuls for 82BC were now dead. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. Eight Ways to Teach With Primary Sources - Education Week What is a Primary Source? - Library Research Guide for the History of [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. Primary and Secondary Sources: What's the Difference? What Is a Primary Source? N.S. Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. J. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) - HistoryOfWar.org [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Nemesis of the Roman Empire | Study.com [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Tools for primary source analysis. Books. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. Examples include journal articles, reviews . Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . Secondary sources are interpretations of history. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . Five reasons why primary sources should be used for teaching Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. Internet History Sourcebooks Project - Fordham University With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. . [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Website. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Encyclopedia.com PDF 1 Marius' Mules: Paving the Path to Power Mary Wright Seminar Paper [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. Social War | Roman history | Britannica Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. Copyright statement. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.) - ThoughtCo [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. Revised on November 11, 2022. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. They had, however, fallen on hard times. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | YourDictionary [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. Wikipedia entry. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. Marius, Sulla, and the Fall of the Roman Republic [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. Sulla - Wikipedia 82 BC. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. Collections Online | British Museum He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. Graduate Admissions - New York University In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. Copy of Fall of Rome, Primary Sources - DocsLib Primary vs. Secondary - Primary Sources: A Research Guide - Research Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. Learning in Black and White. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. How Do I Find - Primary Sources | UCR Library While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. Livy, Periochae 81-85 - Livius [citation needed]. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command.