Hmong people tend to be humble and may not want to express their emotions in front of others. Link no longer available, 2010. Recent efforts in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and California opened the US doors to let some Hmong refugees join with their families in the US. 4, 20, 36-37). The number of clans is commonly said to be 18, though 12 may be considered the main clans. Through pleas for asylum brought by Hmong human rights groups in the U.S., in June 2004 refugees from Wat Tham Krabok began arriving in the U.S. (Culhane-Pera, et. Hmong neighborhoods that are still more visible are those in California and Minnesota. 215-476-9640, Southern Wisconsin Lao Hmong Association, Inc. Vue, L. & Lor, K. (June 24, 2006). If there is a strong interest to explore indulgence in Hmong, the word needs to be defined carefully in order to guide discussion. -Emily. Increasingly, elders are placed in nursing homes as families are not able to take care of them and meet the demands of society. Philadelphia, PA 19139 The changes in diet, especially consumption of food high in sugar and fat, and lack of knowledge about screening services are possible reasons for the increasing prevalence of diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney and hepatitis A. Retreived September 19, 2006, from WWW Hmong Homepage http://www.hmongnet.org/publications/hmf-intro.html. This dog has very particular physical features and personality. Three days after a child is born, an important elder man or woman in the community conducts a ceremony to call the childs soul into their body, to welcome the child to the family and to thank the fairy godmother (Niam Nkauj Kab Yeeb) that is believed to have sent the child to earth. He directs the spirits toward the patients aliments through different media like bowls of water, knives or breath. Refugee arrivals peaked at 27,000 in 1980, and decreased to less than 5,000 by 1981. In US cities, the New Year is held on different dates so people can attend more than one localitys celebration. To foster understanding of the medical exams or diagnosis, visual aids of the human body part related to health condition must be used to accompany the information. The clan is obligated to respond. Fifty-one percent are males, forty-nine percent females. Lo, P. & Magagnini, S. Hmong Community Debates Dowry Cap. In the late 19th century the opium poppy was introduced into the highlands by outside traders, and the Hmong began to cultivate it in an integrated cycle together with corn and dry rice. Date Last Reviewed: June 01, 2007. The purpose of the dowry cap is to prevent parents from imposing unreasonably high wedding fees (i.e. In the United States, clans and extended families have often drawn their dispersed members to larger enclave communities of Hmong. Food and Drug Administration. Most of the population does not have access to clean drinking water. Unmarried daughters were referred to as other peoples women since they married and became part of the husbands family. Modern health care is believed to be beneficial, but traditional diagnosis and treatment (either herbal or spiritual) may be used first. Fellow clan members regard each other as brother and sister. A soul calling ceremony is required to cure the sick person. From 1963-1975 during the Vietnam War and the CIAs secret war in Laos, the Hmong were recruited for their military skill and trained and fought on the side of the United States. In Laos, women lay by fires. Hmong teach their children to be well behaved in the presence of guests. There are some university-level courses offered in the language. Hmong youth are fans of Laotian popular music from Laos and from the United States and France, both Hmong and Laotian bands. Shaking hands is a new behavior for Hmong women and they may be embarrassed shaking hands with a male or holding hands too tightly during a handshake. This is still practiced by some clan members. The remaining Hmong still have no official status in Thailand and the Thai government has tried to force them back to Laos where they fear for their safety. Rice is usually eaten at every meal, along with everyday dishes of meats, fish and vegetables, grilled, fried boiled and spiced. Measuring aspects like the distance between the eyes and skin tone, the technology is already . If you compare Mongolians to south Han Chin. It is said that shamans do not seek the calling but that the spirits call them to the spiritual healing practice. The mans social status depends on what kind of roles he plays in the community. As she ages, a woman may lose some status with more marital conflicts. Although male children are desired and given greater spiritual responsibilities in the family, this does not mean that daughters are given less affection. Fathers pass animist ritual traditions to their sons. House spirits are believed to inhabit each corner of a Hmong house. Some Hmong remained in the Thai camps, while many resettled in other parts of the world. You just have to know them. The baby is given lots of affection and attention, physical and social contact with mothers, grandmothers and older siblings. A man may have more than one wife; co-wives live together in the same house and treat their children equally. Medicinal plants are grown in home gardens or imported from Thailand, and are administered in teas and ointments. If all the Hmong learn the English language it would be easier for others to give them jobs because they can communicate. Saykao, P. (1997). Traditionally, the clans provided any social services required of their members. Rice is a staple in Hmong cuisine. Historically, neighborhoods were marked by a sense of caring and trust regardless of the clan name (last name). In the United States, less-assimilated Hmong may have a limited English vocabulary; it is helpful to use simple terminology whether by telephone, in person, or through an interpreter. In Laos, girls and boys in their adolescent years have the same responsibilities as adults. Traditionally a Hmong name was simply the given name. Usually the father makes most of the important decisions for the family. In the United States, youth use the telephone and email instead of the traditions of ritualized flirting and communication. Also, many Hmong in the United States have embraced Christianity, Protestantism or Roman Catholicism. Traditionally, a large number of relatives that could be readily called upon provided an element of security to farmers who had to move periodically. 4-8). When entering a Hmong home during mealtime, guests will be invited to join the family in eating. US studies have shown high rates of depression, often related to the life situation difficulties of the Hmong refugee especially difficulties of adjusting to life in the US. During the period of French colonialism in SE Asia, the French relied on the Hmong for their skills in weaponry and military service. Hmong veterans continue to struggle with the lack of equal recognition and benefits for their sacrifices compared to U.S. vets, Vang said, which has become a "long-standing fight and struggle . A comment such as your child is cute is not appreciated. Within some families, divisions have resulted when some members have converted to Christianity and others have not. Hmong believe the liver is the center and regulator of human emotions, playing a role in mental health and personality. Nevertheless, couples without sons may seek to adopt them or may allow the husband to marry a second wife in the hope that she will bear male children. Hmong is a member of the Miao-Yao (Hmong-Mien) language family, considered unrelated to other languages. The reason is that she belongs to her husband and her in-laws household, so she is called only by her husbands name once she is married. The Hmong language is divided into two main dialects, Green Hmong (sometimes called Blue Hmong) and White Hmong. It is very common for Hmong families to visit one another without setting up an appointment. (Hmong Cultural Center, 2000). (Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health at the University of Queensland, 2003), Traditionally, the woman is kept warm for three days post-partum, and touching cold water is prohibited. In the US, the gap between household incomes has resulted in decreased community coherence. Chan, S. (1994). (2000). In particular surgery may conflict with beliefs that a person needs all his/her body parts for reincarnation, that surgery weakens the body or leaves the body open to evil spirits entering. This process continues, if required, until the conflict is satisfactory solved. Pregnancy is considered sacred and especially fragile in the first trimester. People greet each other verbally and men shake hands. Marriage to a young girl or young boy from a family where the father and/or mother smokes opium is discouraged due to the association of poverty with opium smokers. In Thailand, where many Hmong joined the Communist Party during the 1960s, they earned a reputation as enemies of the state for that reason. Per average Hmong household there are 6.28 persons, versus 2.59 persons overall US households. The Green Hmong and White Hmong share some clan names. In Washington State, less than 12 percent of Hmong receive public assistance. If the patient, especially an elder Hmong person, does not receive any medicine, it is appropriate to explicitly explain to the patient the reason no medication is given. Furthermore, during the first 30 days, a new mom is not permitted to visit other homes. (Culhane-Pera, et.al., 2003) This talks about how a hospital in Merced, California is welcoming the role of Hmong shamans. Physical marks like bruises and redness might be found on the body of a Hmong person, the results of these treatments. Most people lost loved ones during and/or after the war. Menopause is not discussed in the community. Those who are able to seek modern health care services for life-threatening conditions are those with the knowledge of the health care services and the money to pay for them. Hmong-Mien has been at times included as a branch of Chinese-Tibetan or Austro-Tai families, though increasingly is thought by scholars to have developed independently. Some efforts are made (mainly in states with high concentration of Hmong such as California, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) to stem the loss by offering language classes to younger people and preserving language in writing. Any medical decisions should be made in consultation with your doctors. Elder people are highly respected, and its expected they will be taken care of by the younger generation. In the US today, many families attempt to have a food table for young men/adult men and young girls/women so that everyone can eat at the same time. New Year celebrations are still a time of courtship and result in many marriages. The year 2006 marks the relocation of Hmong out of Wat Tham Krabok to a more isolated place in Thailand where many Hmong are deprived access to join families in the U.S., and where they continue to fear for their own lives. The larger the clan the more services it is able to offer its members including help finding jobs and apartments. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A ceremony takes place 3 days after the childs birth, and is an occasion for naming the child and a time for the family to show love for the child and for relatives and community members to offer blessings and words of wisdom to the child. The worldwide Hmong population is approximately 6,000,000 in China where the Hmong are called Miao; 788,000 in Vietnam; 315,000 in Laos; 124,000 in Thailand; 2-3,000 in Burma; 250,000 in the United States; 8,000 in France; and 1,800 in Australia. Most Hmong believe that the ancestors with the strongest potential impact come from the fathers side of the family. Phone: (202) 463-2118, Lao Family Community, Inc. of Tulare County Culhane-Pera, K.A., Vawter, D. E., Xiong, P., Babbitt, B., & Solberg, M. M (Eds.). Due to his record in Laos during the Vietnam War, the Hmong all over the world have heard of him or have respect for the man. For several thousand years, the Hmong lived relatively independently while paying tribute to the Chinese government. The ceremony is an occasion for naming the child and for relatives and community members to offer blessings and words of wisdom to the child. The primary means for meeting young people of the opposite sex during the New Year was a ball game that took place at the festivities. (Culhane-Pera, et.al., 2003). The altar is assumed to be the place in the house to which ancestors return. (Vue, L. & Lor, K ., 2006), In Hmong culture, mothers and mothers-in-law help at the birth, which often occurs in the squatting position, with the husband helping to cut the cord and wash the newborn infant. Here is the translation and the Hmong word for facial features: ntsej muag nta Edit. For Green Hmong the adult name is giving by the husbands parents. After the 1975 communist takeover in Laos, Hmong soldiers and family fled Laos to refugee camps in Thailand. 641 Likes, 28 Comments - Paulorigami (@paulpauvert) on Instagram: "Lion, designed and folded by me from a 100cm square of kraft paper. Growing flax to weave cloth and make clothes is a very hard and sophisticated job, requiring the ingenuity and perseverance . It is common for the same names to be used by both genders. They sold opium to itinerant traders, usually Chinese, in return for silver. The Hmong people of southeast Asia live in remote mountain communities. Bottle-feeding is preferred for reasons of convenience when the mother returns to work and desires others to feed her infant. For traditional Hmong, making direct eye contact is considered inappropriate and rude. In the Thai refugee camps, women adopted Thai-style baby baskets or cradles, often hanging from the tent roof or dwelling while the mother performed chores or embroidery work. She specializes in healing with herbs and may be a generalist or may be dedicated to healing certain conditions. Other healing techniques include massage, coining or spooning (rubbing an area vigorously with a silver coin or spoon), and cupping (applying negative suctioning pressure on the skin with a cup). See also China: People. Hmong families in the US average 6.51 persons compared to 3.14 persons overall US families. (Culhane-Pera, et.al, 2003) (Chan, 1994). Several levels of community are identifiable in the Hmong social structure worldwide: clan, sub-clan, ceremonial households, extended families, and nuclear families. The numbers began increasing again in 1987, with more than 10,000 Hmong arriving in 1988. Hmong is an advanced oral language and highly expressive; it includes proverbs, poem-songs, plain language of morality tales and ancestral stories, flowery speech of elders, code speech of sweethearts, and antique language of wedding and funeral rituals. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. A strict protocol is to be followed for the marriage ceremony, which centers on showing respect to both families. In their newlywed role, the couple gives their parents decorated pieces of cloth to work against the day of the parents deaths, a ritualized way the couple wishes the parents long life and good health. A married daughter and son in-law has a different house and ancestor spirits; therefore two sets of different spirits could never live under the same roof. During traditional Hmong weddings, wine and/or beer are offered each time a negotiation is made or when a new conversation takes place between a member of the bride and grooms family members. Traditionally, Hmong men receive their adult names after the first child is born. Hmong women may refuse vaginal examinations, especially by male doctors. Clans offer security. It was somewhat common in Laos and Thailand for a younger woman to marry an older man. In the early 1990s many UN refugee camps in Thailand were closed and Hmong who remained there were forced to move to a non-UN camp at the Thai Buddhist temple Wat Tham Krabok, where suffering continued, especially isolation from not being allowed to go outside of the camp. After a general anesthetic, it may be necessary to perform a soul calling ceremony in the operating room. In the 1800s, faced with political persecution, depleted soil fertility and increasing population pressure, some Hmong migrated into Southeast Asia. In Face Processing, 2006. Of the current population, about 26.4% arrived between 1985-1989; 28% arrived 1990-1994; and an estimated 5% have arrived between 2002-2006. The soul caller observes the chicken killed and boiled to divine whether the soul has returned and in what condition. A certain amount of bridewealth, traditionally in silver, must be paid by the family of the groom to the family of the bride. Abusive use of opium leads to family poverty and causes a bad family name. Traditionally, the norm in marriage is to raise families with large numbers of children. Often these rebellions have been associated with the belief that a messianic leader of the Hmong is about to be born, the imminence of which is announced by a prophet who validates his claim by discovering a form of writing for the Hmong language. I had the idea" (Traditionally, infants and toddlers in many Southeast Asian countries have wear amulets or protection strings around their necks, wrists, or waists. Households are classified by the race or detailed Asian group of the head. Marrying someone who a family disapproves of can bring shame and bad reputation not just for the individual but for the family too. Traditionally a woman has prestige because her husband has social status. Children are still young when they begin helping in the farming. The New Years game typically provided an outlet for the emergence of more intense romances. The thinking of community leaders and health professionals is that gardens can help foster resiliency and a sense of purpose for refugees, especially older ones, who are often isolated by language and poverty and experiencing depression and post-traumatic stress. Babies stayed close to their mothers and ate all their meals fresh. Married men and fathers usually receive an adult name added to the name they were given as a child. (Cha, 2003). This negative image continues to taint families in the US. It refers to the area that extends from the superior margin of the forehead to the chin, and from one ear to another. In Laos, many adolescent Hmong courtships were begun at the time of the annual New Years celebrations. Hmong will commonly grow vegetables and herbs in their gardens or yards here in the US. He is someone who knows all the rules and norms of the culture. It is rare that Hmong families in the U.S. live where they first settled; like most immigrant groups with few resources, the Hmong began to cluster together with relatives and other families once in the U.S. Minnesota appears to have attracted the strongest percentages of Hmong from various regions throughout the country between 1995-2000. The best time to explore the Hmong Ethnic group is during their festivals. The Hmong language, from the Hmong-Mien or Miao-Yao family of languages, is spoken by a portion of the ethnic Miao living in southern China, northern Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. The groom enlists the help of his male clan relatives to raise the dowry. People may consider the amount of blood in the body to be finite and not rejuvenating, and they may resist blood draws. Women prefer natural tearing and healing to clinical episiotomies. (Mote, 2004). Census data indicate that 55.6 percent of Hmong in the US were foreign-born and of those 68.6 percent were not citizens. Many people drowned or were killed. In the homeland, there was no fence to separate one persons farm from anothers farm and still, there was no theft issue. (Hmong Cultural Center, 2000), Traumatic experiences of war and its aftermath leave an impact on health. were all dealt with by clan leaders. Westerners have jaws that are less sharp and lips that are wider looking. In fact in any culture this is true. A traditional animist practices shamanism. Only 3.8% of the country is arable land. Credit: Nicolas Ma. For more than 4000 years, Hmong has been a spoken language, though a written form may have existed long ago. Eggs, pork and some fish may be added after the first 10 days. Powerful roles exist for men and women in Hmong culture, though in the US there is disruption in gender roles based on economic need and acceptance of American ways. (32x32 grid). If the patient doesnt receive anything, there is less chance of the person returning for a follow-up appointment or seeking future healthcare services. Ancestral spirits include any deceased member of the family. (Culhane-Pera, et.al., 2003). Hmong 2000 Census Publication: Data and Analysis, pp. Marriage between members of the same clan no matter how distant the relationship is strictly forbidden. The Hmong Community: From Laos to the Puget Sound. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How does Dr. Tsai operationally define emotional response in this study?, If Hmong Americans tend to have fewer and weaker facial expressions of emotion than European Americans, how might this affect the diagnosis rates for depression in these two groups?, A person wakes up happy. The family is divided into individual extended families consisting of spouses, children, parents and siblings. (Vue, L. & Lor, K., 2006). In the US, especially in big cities such as Seattle, St. Paul, etc., there are several Hmong New Year celebration events organized by different groups. Hostile spirits, spells, curses and a violation of taboos are other factors believed to cause illness. The head of the household in a Hmong family is usually the father, though the mother also has a highly respected role at home and in some ways, especially in child rearing and daily household affairs, she is the leader of the family. Traditionally, girls had a lower status than boys. (Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health at the University of Queensland, 2003), A necklace is placed on the newborn babys neck often before the cord is cut to protect the infant from harm and ill health. A shaman is the supreme spiritual healer whose primary means of patient care is to travel to the spirit world. When entering a Hmong home, a seat or chair will be offered. In Laos, the Hmong lived separately from the Lao people. This issue contributes to social problems caused by teenagers having no supervision at home after school. By playing a small mouth harp they could approximate human speech. In a time of need, an individual will first turn to the clan. The differences in dialects are due to the geographic separation of Hmong living in China. For a shaman, the altar is the sacred place where the shaman spirits dwell. "In California, the celebration lasts a week and 100,000 people will be there," Lor said. Retrieved December 22, 2006. The Plain of Jars in the northeast and the Bolovens Plateau in the southern panhandle sit about three thousand feet above sea level. If the visitor does not sit on the familys furniture, family members might assume that the visitor thinks that something is wrong with their furniture, or that the visitor assumes a higher status than the family. (Donnelly, 2006). Phone : (916) 394-1405 Fax : (916) 392-9326, Healthy House Within a MATCH Coalition Hmong Association of Washington Retrieved September 19, 2006, from http://www.hmongnet.org/hmong-au/leader.htm. The soul may be lost due to injury, wounds, a fall, a loud noise, being unconscious (including from anesthesia), fear, or feeling sad and lonely. (Vue, L. & Lor, K., 2006). A family may show up unexpectedly and still be warmly welcomed inside. At all levels, the Hmong are communitarian in nature, surviving on relationships. Instead of giving a firm positive or negative response, a person may say maybe or I will try. Traditionally, Hmong graves can be a mound of earth on which tree branches are piled to protect disruption by animals, a mound of earth surrounded by a wooden fence, or a mound protected by boulders, the type depending on sub-clan funeral tradition. It is a community-gathering place, and offers programs for children such as after school tutoring and classes in traditional dance, language and arts. Hmong American Concepts of Health, Healing and Conventional Medicine (pp. While having a big family is valued, it does not necessarily lead to higher status. (Hmong Cultural Center, 2000), Having children is important in Hmong culture. The most prominent feature in the face of the Japanese people is their eyes. Though a minority language in China, Hmong may have influenced spoken Chinese. The Annamite Mountains form an eastern border with Vietnam. Retrieved September 19, 2006, from Queensland Health website. Can find topics such as Hmong Clans, Traditional Hmong Religion, Etiquette for Interacting with the Hmong, Information for Visitors to a Hmong Home http://www.hmongcc.org/ (Mote, 2004), Among American Hmong, fewer mothers are breast-feeding than in previous times. Retrieved September 19, 2006, Hmong National Development, Inc. & Hmong Cultural Resource Center (2003). Religion/rituals: As some Hmong people take up new religion practicesabandoning the practice of shamanismthe result has been a less cohesive Hmong community. They have darker brown eye color to almost black. People travel from afar, even across the country, to join different New Years events. The threat to deport Hmong refugees in Thailand into Laos initiated many support groups in the US to stop the illegal deportation of Hmong in Thailand refugee camps, and ask for political asylum by letting them come to the US. He may not necessarily be the most educated but is someone who holds the respect of others because he cares for the people and is just and fair. Traditionally Hmong women processed the hemp into thread, wove the cloth, which was usually batik-dyed, and made the clothing. Shaman ceremonial tools include a gong and a wooden bench, and rituals involve going into trance, long chanting, and sacrificing animals, usually chickens or pigs.
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